How to define relative approximation error of an interval estimate: a proposal

How to Define Relative Approximation Error of an Interval Estimate: A Proposal

The traditional definition of a relative approximation error of an estimate x̃ as the ratio |x̃− x| |x| does not work when the actual value x is 0. To avoid this problem, we propose a new definition |x̃− x| |x̃| . We show how this definition can be naturally extended to the case when instead of a numerical estimate x̃, we have an interval estimate [x, x], i.e., an interval that is guaranteed to cont...

How to define ‘Moral Realism’

Moral realism is the doctrine that some propositions asserting that some action is ‘morally’ good (obligatory, bad, or wrong) are true. This paper examines three different definitions of what it is for an action to be ‘morally’ good (with corresponding definitions for ‘morally’ obligatory, bad, or wrong) which would make moral realism a clear and plausible view. The first defines ‘morally good ...

how to define an author? awareness of authorship criteria

Development and Usability Evaluation of an Online Tutorial for “How to Write a Proposal” for Medical Sciences Students

Background and Objective: Considering the importance of learning how to write a proposal for students, this study was performed to develop an online tutorial for “How to write a Proposal” for students and to evaluate its usability. Methods: This study is a developmental research and tool design. “Gamified Online Tutorial based on Self-Determination Theory (GOT-STD) Framework" became the basis f...

How to Define Consciousness—and How Not to Define Consciousness

Definitions of consciousness need to be sufficiently broad to include all examples of conscious states and sufficiently narrow to exclude entities, events and processes that are not conscious. Unfortunately, deviations from these simple principles are common in modern consciousness studies, with consequent confusion and internal division in the field. The present paper gives example of ways in ...